Preferences, habits & attitude
Preferencje, nawyki i przyzwyczajenia
I'd rather stay at home than go out tonight.
preferencja dotycząca tego, co chcemy zrobić.
a preference about what we want to do.
would rather + bare infinitivePo would rather nie używamy „to”.
I'd prefer to discuss it tomorrow.
bardziej formalny sposób wyrażania preferencji.
a slightly more formal way to express preference.
would prefer + to-infinitiveWould prefer łączy się zwykle z to-infinitive.
I used to walk to school every day.
dawny stan lub nawyk, który już nie jest aktualny.
a past state or habit that is no longer true.
used to + infinitiveNie myl z be used to + -ing.
Every summer, we would stay with our grandparents.
powtarzające się czynności w przeszłości.
repeated actions in the past.
would + bare infinitiveWould opisuje czynności, nie dawne stany.
She's used to working under pressure.
być przyzwyczajonym do czegoś.
to be accustomed to something.
be used to + noun / -ingTutaj „to” jest przyimkiem, więc po nim używamy -ing.
You'll soon get used to waking up early.
przyzwyczajać się do czegoś.
to become accustomed to something.
get used to + noun / -ingPo „to” użyj rzeczownika lub formy -ing.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
When Lena was younger, she ___ spend every Saturday at the riding school.
Answer / model
would
After six months in Glasgow, Paweł is finally used to ___ English all day. (speak)
Answer / model
speaking
In the past, our neighbours had a dog, but they do not have one now. Use USED TO.
Answer / model
Our neighbours used to have a dog.
I'd prefer ___ by email rather than by phone. (contact)
Answer / model
to be contacted
I would rather to wait until tomorrow.
Answer / model
I would rather wait until tomorrow.
Nie jestem przyzwyczajony do pracy w nocy.
Answer / model
I am not used to working at night.
It took Julia several weeks to get used ___ her new timetable.
Answer / model
to
I prefer walking to taking the bus. Use RATHER.
Answer / model
I'd rather walk than take the bus.
I no longer find working late strange. USED
I ___ late.
Answer / model
am used to working
Every winter, our grandfather took us skating. WOULD
Every winter, our grandfather ___ us skating.
Answer / model
would take
Wolę pracować rano niż późnym wieczorem.
Answer / model
I prefer working in the morning to working late in the evening.
I would rather to stay at home tonight.
Answer / model
I would rather stay at home tonight.
It took Eva a month to become accustomed to the new timetable. USED
Eva ___ the new timetable after a month.
Answer / model
got used to
Please do not discuss this now. RATHER
I ___ this now.
Answer / model
would rather you did not discuss
Kiedyś nie lubiłem kawy.
Answer / model
I did not use to like coffee.
She prefers cycling rather than drive.
Answer / model
She prefers cycling to driving.
At first the noise bothered me, but now it does not. USED
I ___ the noise now.
Answer / model
am used to
Wolałabym, żebyś zadzwonił jutro.
Answer / model
I would rather you called tomorrow.
My aunt ___ always bake bread on Sundays when I was a child.
Answer / model
would
I prefer to travel by train rather ___ drive.
Answer / model
than
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
Living in such a small flat no longer feels strange to Adam. USED Adam ___ in such a small flat.
Answer / model
is used to living
My grandfather ___ always bring us sweets when he visited.
Answer / model
would
Wolałbym, żebyś zostawił tę decyzję mnie.
Answer / model
I'd rather you left that decision to me.
She didn't use to being so impatient.
Answer / model
She didn't use to be so impatient.
I prefer not to travel during the rush hour. RATHER I ___ during the rush hour.
Answer / model
would rather not travel
The children quickly got used to ___ uniforms at school. (wear)
Answer / model
wearing
Years ago, there was a cinema on this corner. USED
Answer / model
There used to be a cinema on this corner.
Czy przyzwyczaiłeś się już do mieszkania z dala od rodziny?
Answer / model
Have you got/gotten used to living away from your family yet?
I would rather to stay at home tonight.
Answer / model
I would rather stay at home tonight.
It took Eva a month to become accustomed to the new timetable. USED
Eva ___ the new timetable after a month.
Answer / model
got used to
Please do not discuss this now. RATHER
I ___ this now.
Answer / model
would rather you did not discuss
Kiedyś nie lubiłem kawy.
Answer / model
I did not use to like coffee.
She prefers cycling rather than drive.
Answer / model
She prefers cycling to driving.
At first the noise bothered me, but now it does not. USED
I ___ the noise now.
Answer / model
am used to
Wolałabym, żebyś zadzwonił jutro.
Answer / model
I would rather you called tomorrow.
My aunt ___ always bake bread on Sundays when I was a child.
Answer / model
would
I prefer to travel by train rather ___ drive.
Answer / model
than
I no longer find working late strange. USED
I ___ late.
Answer / model
am used to working
Every winter, our grandfather took us skating. WOULD
Every winter, our grandfather ___ us skating.
Answer / model
would take
Wolę pracować rano niż późnym wieczorem.
Answer / model
I prefer working in the morning to working late in the evening.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
Please don't use my laptop without asking me first. RATHER I'd ___ my laptop without asking me first.
Answer / model
rather you didn't use
Although the first few weeks were difficult, she eventually became accustomed ___ the pace of the course.
Answer / model
to
Kiedyś często narzekał na dojazdy, ale teraz jest do nich całkowicie przyzwyczajony.
Answer / model
He used to complain about commuting, but now he is completely used to it.
I'd prefer you not mentioning the incident during the interview.
Answer / model
I'd prefer you not to mention the incident during the interview.
Complete so it refers to a repeated past action, not a present preference: On summer evenings, we ___ sit outside until midnight.
Answer / model
would
It took me a long time before public speaking stopped making me nervous. USED It took me a long time to ___ in public.
Answer / model
get used to speaking
Wolałabym była wtedy bardziej stanowcza.
Answer / model
I'd rather I had been more assertive then.
I would prefer the matter ___ confidential until Friday. (keep)
Answer / model
to be kept
Kiedyś nie lubiłem kawy.
Answer / model
I did not use to like coffee.
She prefers cycling rather than drive.
Answer / model
She prefers cycling to driving.
At first the noise bothered me, but now it does not. USED
I ___ the noise now.
Answer / model
am used to
Wolałabym, żebyś zadzwonił jutro.
Answer / model
I would rather you called tomorrow.
My aunt ___ always bake bread on Sundays when I was a child.
Answer / model
would
I prefer to travel by train rather ___ drive.
Answer / model
than
I no longer find working late strange. USED
I ___ late.
Answer / model
am used to working
Every winter, our grandfather took us skating. WOULD
Every winter, our grandfather ___ us skating.
Answer / model
would take
Wolę pracować rano niż późnym wieczorem.
Answer / model
I prefer working in the morning to working late in the evening.
I would rather to stay at home tonight.
Answer / model
I would rather stay at home tonight.
It took Eva a month to become accustomed to the new timetable. USED
Eva ___ the new timetable after a month.
Answer / model
got used to
Please do not discuss this now. RATHER
I ___ this now.
Answer / model
would rather you did not discuss
Modals & meaning
Czasowniki modalne: obowiązek, rada, możliwość i dedukcja
You ought to apologise.
rada lub powinność.
advice or moral obligation.
ought to + infinitiveNie dodawaj kolejnego „to”.
We need to leave before six.
konieczność.
necessity.
need to + infinitiveW przeczeniu porównaj don’t need to i needn’t.
You needn't bring any food.
brak konieczności.
absence of necessity.
needn’t + bare infinitiveNeedn’t nie oznacza zakazu.
You'd better check the answer again.
mocna rada, często z konsekwencją.
strong advice, often with a consequence.
had better + bare infinitivePo had better nie używamy „to”.
He must have forgotten the meeting.
silny wniosek o przeszłości.
strong deduction about the past.
must have + past participleTo wniosek, nie obowiązek w przeszłości.
She can't have seen us.
pewność, że coś nie wydarzyło się w przeszłości.
certainty that something did not happen.
can’t have + past participleNie używaj mustn’t have do takiego wniosku.
You should have told me earlier.
krytyka lub żal dotyczący przeszłości.
past criticism or regret.
should have + past participleCzynność zwykle nie została wykonana.
They might have taken the wrong train.
możliwość dotycząca przeszłości.
past possibility.
might have + past participleWyraża możliwość, nie pewność.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
You ___ park here; this space is reserved for ambulances.
Answer / model
mustn't
We ___ leave now or we'll miss the opening speech.
Answer / model
should
She isn't answering. She ___ be in a meeting.
Answer / model
might
It is a good idea to back up your files. SHOULD
Answer / model
You should back up your files.
You must to wear a helmet here.
Answer / model
You must wear a helmet here.
You ___ have brought dessert; we already had plenty.
Answer / model
needn't
I'm sure that isn't Kasia; she's in Spain. It ___ be her.
Answer / model
can't
Powinieneś więcej odpoczywać.
Answer / model
You should get more rest.
The lights are on. They ___ be at home.
Answer / model
must
It was unnecessary to print the tickets, but we did. NEED
We ___ the tickets.
Answer / model
needn’t have printed
Być może zostawiła telefon w samochodzie.
Answer / model
She may/might/could have left her phone in the car.
He must have forgot the address.
Answer / model
He must have forgotten the address.
I am certain this is not the original. CAN’T
This ___ the original.
Answer / model
can’t be
You ___ enter this area without permission.
Answer / model
mustn’t
Powinieneś był sprawdzić wyniki.
Answer / model
You should have checked the results.
The door was locked, so they ___ have entered that way.
Answer / model
can’t
There was no need to wait, but she waited. NEED
She ___ .
Answer / model
needn’t have waited
Mogli nas wcześniej ostrzec.
Answer / model
They could have warned us earlier.
Visitors ___ to leave their bags at reception.
Answer / model
have
She ___ well have misunderstood what you meant.
Answer / model
may/might
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
I'm certain he forgot the appointment. MUST He ___ the appointment.
Answer / model
must have forgotten
Niepotrzebnie kupiliśmy bilety z wyprzedzeniem.
Answer / model
We needn't have bought the tickets in advance.
She can't have went home already.
Answer / model
She can't have gone home already.
You ___ better check the figures once more before sending them.
Answer / model
had
Perhaps Marta misunderstood the last question. MIGHT
Answer / model
Marta might have misunderstood the last question.
They ought ___ us about the delay earlier.
Answer / model
to have told
Nie wolno było fotografować eksponatów.
Answer / model
We weren't allowed to take photographs of the exhibits.
It was possible for him to win, but he didn't. COULD
Answer / model
He could have won.
He must have forgot the address.
Answer / model
He must have forgotten the address.
I am certain this is not the original. CAN’T
This ___ the original.
Answer / model
can’t be
You ___ enter this area without permission.
Answer / model
mustn’t
Powinieneś był sprawdzić wyniki.
Answer / model
You should have checked the results.
The door was locked, so they ___ have entered that way.
Answer / model
can’t
There was no need to wait, but she waited. NEED
She ___ .
Answer / model
needn’t have waited
Mogli nas wcześniej ostrzec.
Answer / model
They could have warned us earlier.
Visitors ___ to leave their bags at reception.
Answer / model
have
She ___ well have misunderstood what you meant.
Answer / model
may/might
The lights are on. They ___ be at home.
Answer / model
must
It was unnecessary to print the tickets, but we did. NEED
We ___ the tickets.
Answer / model
needn’t have printed
Być może zostawiła telefon w samochodzie.
Answer / model
She may/might/could have left her phone in the car.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
The office is locked, the lights are off and nobody answers. Complete: They ___ for the day.
Answer / model
must have left
I'm almost certain the signature isn't genuine. CAN'T The signature ___ genuine.
Answer / model
can't be
Mogła była uprzedzić nas wcześniej, ale tego nie zrobiła.
Answer / model
She could have warned us earlier, but she didn't.
You needn't have to submit both forms.
Answer / model
You needn't have submitted both forms.
Given the evidence, the witness ___ well have been mistaken.
Answer / model
may/might
Complete: We ___ take a taxi because the buses had stopped. (necessity in the past)
Answer / model
had to
Powinni byli przewidzieć, że pogoda może się pogorszyć.
Answer / model
They should have anticipated that the weather might get worse.
There is no possibility that Eva saw the accident. CAN'T Eva ___ the accident.
Answer / model
can't have seen
Powinieneś był sprawdzić wyniki.
Answer / model
You should have checked the results.
The door was locked, so they ___ have entered that way.
Answer / model
can’t
There was no need to wait, but she waited. NEED
She ___ .
Answer / model
needn’t have waited
Mogli nas wcześniej ostrzec.
Answer / model
They could have warned us earlier.
Visitors ___ to leave their bags at reception.
Answer / model
have
She ___ well have misunderstood what you meant.
Answer / model
may/might
The lights are on. They ___ be at home.
Answer / model
must
It was unnecessary to print the tickets, but we did. NEED
We ___ the tickets.
Answer / model
needn’t have printed
Być może zostawiła telefon w samochodzie.
Answer / model
She may/might/could have left her phone in the car.
He must have forgot the address.
Answer / model
He must have forgotten the address.
I am certain this is not the original. CAN’T
This ___ the original.
Answer / model
can’t be
You ___ enter this area without permission.
Answer / model
mustn’t
Tenses & aspect
Czasy i aspekt
I've known her for five years.
przeszłość połączona z teraźniejszością.
past connected to the present.
have/has + past participleUważaj na since/for i brak zakończonego czasu przeszłego.
I've been studying since breakfast.
czynność trwająca do teraz lub widoczny skutek.
an activity continuing until now or with a present result.
have/has been + -ingCzęsto podkreśla czas trwania lub aktywność.
They had left before we arrived.
czynność wcześniejsza od innej przeszłej czynności.
an action completed before another past action.
had + past participleUżywaj, gdy kolejność zdarzeń wymaga doprecyzowania.
He had been waiting for an hour when the bus came.
czynność trwająca przed innym momentem w przeszłości.
an ongoing activity before another past moment.
had been + -ingPodkreśla trwanie przed punktem w przeszłości.
We visited York last summer.
zakończone wydarzenie w określonej przeszłości.
a completed event at a finished past time.
verb 2 / did + infinitiveZ określonym zakończonym czasem użyj Past Simple.
I was reading when the lights went out.
czynność trwająca w określonym momencie przeszłości.
an action in progress at a past moment.
was/were + -ingCzęsto stanowi tło dla krótszego wydarzenia.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
I ___ this book twice. (read)
Answer / model
have read
At 7 p.m. yesterday, we ___ for the train. (wait)
Answer / model
were waiting
She ___ the email an hour ago.
Answer / model
sent
Before the guests arrived, Dad ___ dinner. (finish)
Answer / model
had finished
I am living here since 2022.
Answer / model
I have lived / have been living here since 2022.
How long ___ you ___ English? (learn)
Answer / model
have you been learning
This is the first time we ___ this museum.
Answer / model
have visited
Wczoraj zgubiłem klucze.
Answer / model
I lost my keys yesterday.
I ___ her since primary school. (KNOW)
Answer / model
have known
By the time we arrived, the film ___. (START)
Answer / model
had started
Od rana próbuję się z nim skontaktować.
Answer / model
I have been trying to contact him since this morning.
I have seen him yesterday.
Answer / model
I saw him yesterday.
She was tired because she ___ all night. (WORK)
Answer / model
had been working
This is the first time I ___ this dish. (TRY)
Answer / model
have tried
When I opened the door, everyone ___ at me. (LOOK)
Answer / model
was looking
I last spoke to Mia in May. SINCE
I ___ May.
Answer / model
haven’t spoken to Mia since
Nigdy wcześniej nie widziałem czegoś takiego.
Answer / model
I had never seen anything like that before.
How long ___ you ___ here? (WAIT)
Answer / model
have; been waiting
By the time she noticed the error, the message ___ . (SEND)
Answer / model
had been sent
No sooner ___ we sat down than the lights went out.
Answer / model
had
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
When the referee stopped the match, it ___ heavily for almost an hour. (rain)
Answer / model
had been raining
I last spoke to Nina three months ago. FOR I ___ Nina for three months.
Answer / model
haven't spoken to
Zanim dotarliśmy na miejsce, koncert już się rozpoczął.
Answer / model
By the time we got there, the concert had already started.
Have you finished the report last night?
Answer / model
Did you finish the report last night?
I ___ four pages so far today. (write)
Answer / model
have written
He started repairing the fence at nine and is still doing it. SINCE
Answer / model
He has been repairing the fence since nine.
She was exhausted because she ___ all afternoon. (revise)
Answer / model
had been revising
Nigdy wcześniej nie widziałem tak wysokich fal.
Answer / model
I had never seen such high waves before.
I have seen him yesterday.
Answer / model
I saw him yesterday.
She was tired because she ___ all night. (WORK)
Answer / model
had been working
This is the first time I ___ this dish. (TRY)
Answer / model
have tried
When I opened the door, everyone ___ at me. (LOOK)
Answer / model
was looking
I last spoke to Mia in May. SINCE
I ___ May.
Answer / model
haven’t spoken to Mia since
Nigdy wcześniej nie widziałem czegoś takiego.
Answer / model
I had never seen anything like that before.
How long ___ you ___ here? (WAIT)
Answer / model
have; been waiting
By the time she noticed the error, the message ___ . (SEND)
Answer / model
had been sent
No sooner ___ we sat down than the lights went out.
Answer / model
had
I ___ her since primary school. (KNOW)
Answer / model
have known
By the time we arrived, the film ___. (START)
Answer / model
had started
Od rana próbuję się z nim skontaktować.
Answer / model
I have been trying to contact him since this morning.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
By the time I ___ what the message meant, everyone else ___ the room. (realise / leave)
Answer / model
realised; had left
Od kiedy zmienili zasady, liczba zgłoszeń stale rośnie.
Answer / model
Since they changed the rules, the number of applications has been steadily increasing.
It is my third visit to Edinburgh. BEEN I ___ Edinburgh twice before.
Answer / model
have been to
When I arrived, she has been waiting for forty minutes.
Answer / model
When I arrived, she had been waiting for forty minutes.
The floor was wet because someone ___ it. (wash)
Answer / model
had been washing
Complete for an unfinished time period: I ___ two meetings this morning, and I still have one more. (have)
Answer / model
have had
Właśnie miałem do ciebie zadzwonić, kiedy dostałem twoją wiadomość.
Answer / model
I was just about to call you when I received your message.
The last time she competed was in 2024. SINCE She ___ 2024.
Answer / model
hasn't competed since
When I opened the door, everyone ___ at me. (LOOK)
Answer / model
was looking
I last spoke to Mia in May. SINCE
I ___ May.
Answer / model
haven’t spoken to Mia since
Nigdy wcześniej nie widziałem czegoś takiego.
Answer / model
I had never seen anything like that before.
How long ___ you ___ here? (WAIT)
Answer / model
have; been waiting
By the time she noticed the error, the message ___ . (SEND)
Answer / model
had been sent
No sooner ___ we sat down than the lights went out.
Answer / model
had
I ___ her since primary school. (KNOW)
Answer / model
have known
By the time we arrived, the film ___. (START)
Answer / model
had started
Od rana próbuję się z nim skontaktować.
Answer / model
I have been trying to contact him since this morning.
I have seen him yesterday.
Answer / model
I saw him yesterday.
She was tired because she ___ all night. (WORK)
Answer / model
had been working
This is the first time I ___ this dish. (TRY)
Answer / model
have tried
Future forms
Formy przyszłe
I think it will rain later.
przewidywanie, spontaniczna decyzja lub obietnica.
prediction, spontaneous decision or promise.
will + bare infinitiveNie używaj will po when/as soon as w zdaniu czasowym.
Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.
plan lub przewidywanie oparte na obecnych dowodach.
plan or evidence-based prediction.
be going to + infinitivePrzy widocznym dowodzie zwykle wybierz going to.
We're meeting them at six.
ustalone przyszłe plany.
fixed future arrangements.
am/is/are + -ing + future timePotrzebny jest kontekst ustalonego planu.
This time tomorrow, I'll be flying to Dublin.
czynność będąca w toku w przyszłym momencie.
an action in progress at a future time.
will be + -ingNie myl z Future Perfect, który podkreśla zakończenie.
By Friday, I'll have finished the project.
czynność zakończona przed przyszłym terminem.
an action completed before a future deadline.
will have + past participleSzukaj sygnałów typu by, by the time.
By June, she'll have been working here for ten years.
czas trwania czynności do przyszłego momentu.
duration continuing up to a future point.
will have been + -ingPodkreśla długość trwania.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
I think our team ___ the final. (win)
Answer / model
will win
We ___ the dentist at 4; the appointment is booked.
Answer / model
are seeing
By 6 p.m., I ___ all my homework. (finish)
Answer / model
will have finished
Watch out! You ___ that glass.
Answer / model
are going to drop
This time tomorrow I will fly to Rome.
Answer / model
This time tomorrow I will be flying to Rome.
Don't call at nine; we ___ the film then. (watch)
Answer / model
will be watching
I have decided to start a course next month. GOING
Answer / model
I am going to start a course next month.
Do jutra skończę ten rozdział.
Answer / model
By tomorrow, I will have finished this chapter.
By Friday, I ___ the report. (FINISH)
Answer / model
will have finished
This time tomorrow, we ___ over France. (FLY)
Answer / model
will be flying
Zadzwonię, jak tylko dotrę na miejsce.
Answer / model
I will call as soon as I arrive.
I will tell her when she will come back.
Answer / model
I will tell her when she comes back.
The train ___ at 06:42 tomorrow. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
leaves
Look at those clouds. It ___ rain.
Answer / model
is going to
Next June, she ___ here for ten years. (WORK)
Answer / model
will have been working
The ceremony is on the point of beginning. ABOUT
The ceremony ___ .
Answer / model
is about to begin
Jutro o tej porze będziemy czekać na wyniki.
Answer / model
This time tomorrow, we will be waiting for the results.
By the time you read this, I ___ the country. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
will have left
Once everyone ___, we will begin. (ARRIVE)
Answer / model
arrives
At noon tomorrow, the panel ___ the finalists. (INTERVIEW)
Answer / model
will be interviewing
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
By next September, Ola ___ at the company for five years. (work)
Answer / model
will have been working
The lecture is scheduled for Tuesday. GIVING Professor Hall ___ on Tuesday.
Answer / model
is giving the lecture
Jutro o ósmej będziemy czekać na wyniki.
Answer / model
At eight tomorrow, we will be waiting for the results.
By Friday they will be completing the repairs.
Answer / model
By Friday they will have completed the repairs.
By the time you read this, I ___ the country. (leave)
Answer / model
will have left
The phone is ringing. 'Don't worry, I ___ it.'
Answer / model
I'll answer
Do końca roku będę uczyć się hiszpańskiego od trzech lat.
Answer / model
By the end of the year, I will have been learning Spanish for three years.
At noon tomorrow the jury ___ the entries. (assess)
Answer / model
will be assessing
I will tell her when she will come back.
Answer / model
I will tell her when she comes back.
The train ___ at 06:42 tomorrow. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
leaves
Look at those clouds. It ___ rain.
Answer / model
is going to
Next June, she ___ here for ten years. (WORK)
Answer / model
will have been working
The ceremony is on the point of beginning. ABOUT
The ceremony ___ .
Answer / model
is about to begin
Jutro o tej porze będziemy czekać na wyniki.
Answer / model
This time tomorrow, we will be waiting for the results.
By the time you read this, I ___ the country. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
will have left
Once everyone ___, we will begin. (ARRIVE)
Answer / model
arrives
At noon tomorrow, the panel ___ the finalists. (INTERVIEW)
Answer / model
will be interviewing
By Friday, I ___ the report. (FINISH)
Answer / model
will have finished
This time tomorrow, we ___ over France. (FLY)
Answer / model
will be flying
Zadzwonię, jak tylko dotrę na miejsce.
Answer / model
I will call as soon as I arrive.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
The committee expects to complete its work before May. HAVE By May, the committee ___ its work.
Answer / model
will have completed
Kiedy wrócisz, będę już czekać od ponad godziny.
Answer / model
When you come back, I will already have been waiting for over an hour.
In two weeks' time she will work here for exactly a decade.
Answer / model
In two weeks' time she will have been working here for exactly a decade.
This time next Friday, the finalists ___ their presentations. (give)
Answer / model
will be giving
There are black clouds and thunder in the distance. It ___.
Answer / model
is going to storm
Do czasu rozpoczęcia spotkania wszystkie dane zostaną zweryfikowane.
Answer / model
By the time the meeting starts, all the data will have been verified.
Our meeting with the architect is arranged for Thursday. MEETING
Answer / model
We are meeting the architect on Thursday.
By 2035, researchers ___ this phenomenon for several decades. (study)
Answer / model
will have been studying
Next June, she ___ here for ten years. (WORK)
Answer / model
will have been working
The ceremony is on the point of beginning. ABOUT
The ceremony ___ .
Answer / model
is about to begin
Jutro o tej porze będziemy czekać na wyniki.
Answer / model
This time tomorrow, we will be waiting for the results.
By the time you read this, I ___ the country. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
will have left
Once everyone ___, we will begin. (ARRIVE)
Answer / model
arrives
At noon tomorrow, the panel ___ the finalists. (INTERVIEW)
Answer / model
will be interviewing
By Friday, I ___ the report. (FINISH)
Answer / model
will have finished
This time tomorrow, we ___ over France. (FLY)
Answer / model
will be flying
Zadzwonię, jak tylko dotrę na miejsce.
Answer / model
I will call as soon as I arrive.
I will tell her when she will come back.
Answer / model
I will tell her when she comes back.
The train ___ at 06:42 tomorrow. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
leaves
Look at those clouds. It ___ rain.
Answer / model
is going to
Conditionals & unreal meaning
Okresy warunkowe i znaczenie nierzeczywiste
If I had more time, I'd learn Japanese.
hipotetyczna teraźniejszość lub przyszłość.
hypothetical present or future.
if + Past Simple, would + infinitiveW formalnym angielskim często: If I were...
If we'd left earlier, we wouldn't have missed the train.
nierealna przeszłość i jej skutek.
unreal past and its consequence.
if + Past Perfect, would have + past participleObie części odnoszą się do przeszłości.
If I had listened to you, I wouldn't be in this situation now.
przeszła przyczyna z obecnym skutkiem lub odwrotnie.
a past condition with a present result, or vice versa.
if + Past Perfect, would + infinitiveSprawdź, do jakiego czasu odnosi się każda część.
I wish I knew the answer.
życzenie dotyczące nierealnej teraźniejszości.
a wish about an unreal present.
wish + Past SimplePast Simple nie oznacza tu przeszłości.
I wish I hadn't said that.
żal dotyczący przeszłości.
regret about the past.
wish + Past PerfectUżyj had + III forma.
If only we had more time!
silne życzenie lub żal.
a strong wish or regret.
if only + past / past perfectDobierz czas do teraźniejszości lub przeszłości.
Suppose you lost your passport — what would you do?
wprowadzenie hipotetycznej sytuacji.
introducing a hypothetical situation.
suppose/supposing + past formNie wstawiaj automatycznie would po suppose.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
If it rains tomorrow, we ___ indoors. (stay)
Answer / model
will stay
If I ___ you, I'd apologise. (be)
Answer / model
were
If she had studied more, she ___ the test.
Answer / model
would have passed
I wish I ___ taller. (be)
Answer / model
were
If I will see him, I'll tell him.
Answer / model
If I see him, I'll tell him.
If only we ___ the map yesterday. (check)
Answer / model
had checked
I don't know her number, so I can't call her. IF
Answer / model
If I knew her number, I could call her.
Gdybym miał więcej czasu, częściej bym czytał.
Answer / model
If I had more time, I would read more often.
If I ___ you, I would wait. (BE)
Answer / model
were
If she had left earlier, she ___ the train. (CATCH)
Answer / model
would have caught
Szkoda, że nie znam odpowiedzi.
Answer / model
I wish I knew the answer.
If I will see him, I will tell him.
Answer / model
If I see him, I will tell him.
He did not save enough, so he cannot travel now. IF
If he ___ enough, he could travel now.
Answer / model
had saved
I regret telling her. WISH
I ___ her.
Answer / model
wish I hadn’t told
Wolałabym, żebyś tego nie robił.
Answer / model
I would rather you did not do that.
___ you need assistance, press this button.
Answer / model
Should
Without your help, we would have failed. BUT
___ your help, we would have failed.
Answer / model
But for
If only he ___ complaining! (STOP)
Answer / model
would stop
Had I ___ the truth, I would not have agreed. (KNOW)
Answer / model
known
Gdyby wtedy przyjął ofertę, pracowałby tam teraz.
Answer / model
If he had accepted the offer then, he would be working there now.
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
I regret telling him the secret. WISH I ___ him the secret.
Answer / model
wish I hadn't told
If we ___ earlier, we wouldn't be stuck in traffic now. (leave)
Answer / model
had left
Gdybyś wtedy przyjął tę ofertę, mieszkałbyś teraz w Londynie.
Answer / model
If you had accepted that offer then, you would be living in London now.
Suppose you would lose your passport, what would you do?
Answer / model
Suppose you lost your passport, what would you do?
I'd rather you ___ me before borrowing the car. (ask)
Answer / model
asked
She isn't here because nobody invited her. IF
Answer / model
She would be here if somebody had invited her.
Szkoda, że nie sprawdziliśmy prognozy.
Answer / model
I wish we had checked the forecast.
If only he ___ complaining about everything! (stop)
Answer / model
would stop
If I will see him, I will tell him.
Answer / model
If I see him, I will tell him.
He did not save enough, so he cannot travel now. IF
If he ___ enough, he could travel now.
Answer / model
had saved
I regret telling her. WISH
I ___ her.
Answer / model
wish I hadn’t told
Wolałabym, żebyś tego nie robił.
Answer / model
I would rather you did not do that.
___ you need assistance, press this button.
Answer / model
Should
Without your help, we would have failed. BUT
___ your help, we would have failed.
Answer / model
But for
If only he ___ complaining! (STOP)
Answer / model
would stop
Had I ___ the truth, I would not have agreed. (KNOW)
Answer / model
known
Gdyby wtedy przyjął ofertę, pracowałby tam teraz.
Answer / model
If he had accepted the offer then, he would be working there now.
If I ___ you, I would wait. (BE)
Answer / model
were
If she had left earlier, she ___ the train. (CATCH)
Answer / model
would have caught
Szkoda, że nie znam odpowiedzi.
Answer / model
I wish I knew the answer.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
He didn't learn German at school, so he can't apply for the post now. IF
Answer / model
If he had learnt German at school, he could apply for the post now.
Gdybym wtedy wiedział to, co wiem teraz, postąpiłbym inaczej.
Answer / model
If I had known then what I know now, I would have acted differently.
Please don't make a final decision yet. RATHER I'd ___ a final decision yet.
Answer / model
rather you didn't make
If she wouldn't have interrupted, we might have reached an agreement.
Answer / model
If she hadn't interrupted, we might have reached an agreement.
Supposing the evidence ___ false, would the case collapse? (turn out)
Answer / model
turned out
Gdyby tylko nie był zignorował pierwszego ostrzeżenia.
Answer / model
If only he hadn't ignored the first warning.
Her current difficulties are the result of refusing help earlier. ACCEPTED If she ___ help earlier, she might not be struggling now.
Answer / model
had accepted
I wish the neighbours ___ making so much noise at night. (stop)
Answer / model
would stop
Wolałabym, żebyś tego nie robił.
Answer / model
I would rather you did not do that.
___ you need assistance, press this button.
Answer / model
Should
Without your help, we would have failed. BUT
___ your help, we would have failed.
Answer / model
But for
If only he ___ complaining! (STOP)
Answer / model
would stop
Had I ___ the truth, I would not have agreed. (KNOW)
Answer / model
known
Gdyby wtedy przyjął ofertę, pracowałby tam teraz.
Answer / model
If he had accepted the offer then, he would be working there now.
If I ___ you, I would wait. (BE)
Answer / model
were
If she had left earlier, she ___ the train. (CATCH)
Answer / model
would have caught
Szkoda, że nie znam odpowiedzi.
Answer / model
I wish I knew the answer.
If I will see him, I will tell him.
Answer / model
If I see him, I will tell him.
He did not save enough, so he cannot travel now. IF
If he ___ enough, he could travel now.
Answer / model
had saved
I regret telling her. WISH
I ___ her.
Answer / model
wish I hadn’t told
Passive & causatives
Strona bierna i konstrukcje kauzatywne
The rooms are cleaned every morning.
gdy ważniejsza jest czynność niż wykonawca.
when the action is more important than the doer.
am/is/are + past participleZachowaj właściwy czas czasownika be.
The results have already been announced.
czynność bierna zakończona z efektem teraz.
a completed passive action relevant now.
have/has been + past participleNie pomijaj been.
The bridge will be reopened next week.
czynność bierna w przyszłości.
a passive future action.
will be + past participlePo will musi pojawić się be.
The form must be completed in ink.
strona bierna po czasowniku modalnym.
passive voice after a modal verb.
modal + be + past participleNie używaj -ing po modal + be.
I'm having my laptop repaired.
zlecić wykonanie usługi.
to arrange for a service to be done.
have + object + past participlePodmiot nie wykonuje czynności sam.
We need to get the roof fixed.
zlecić lub doprowadzić do wykonania czegoś.
to arrange or manage to have something done.
get + object + past participleNie myl z get somebody to do.
She had the assistant print the documents.
zlecić komuś wykonanie czynności.
to arrange for someone to do something.
have + person + bare infinitivePo osobie nie używamy „to”.
I got my brother to help me.
nakłonić lub zorganizować, by ktoś coś zrobił.
to persuade or arrange for someone to do something.
get + person + to-infinitiveTutaj „to” jest wymagane.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
People speak English here.
Answer / model
English is spoken here.
The invitations ___ yesterday. (send)
Answer / model
were sent
This medicine must ___ with food. (take)
Answer / model
be taken
A hairdresser cut my hair yesterday. HAVE
Answer / model
I had my hair cut yesterday.
The room is clean every morning.
Answer / model
The room is cleaned every morning.
We are having the kitchen ___. (paint)
Answer / model
painted
Someone has broken the window.
Answer / model
The window has been broken.
Most zostanie otwarty w maju.
Answer / model
The bridge will be opened in May.
The documents ___ yesterday. (SEND)
Answer / model
were sent
My car ___ at the moment. (REPAIR)
Answer / model
is being repaired
Muszę naprawić ekran w telefonie.
Answer / model
I need to have/get my phone screen repaired.
The form must filled in today.
Answer / model
The form must be filled in today.
People believe the painting is genuine. BELIEVED
The painting ___ genuine.
Answer / model
is believed to be
The suspect is thought ___ the country. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
to have left
We ___ our windows replaced next week.
Answer / model
are having
Someone may have deleted the file.
The file ___ .
Answer / model
may have been deleted
Uważa się, że decyzję podjęto wcześniej.
Answer / model
The decision is believed to have been made earlier.
I got my brother fix the printer.
Answer / model
I got my brother to fix the printer.
She had her assistant ___ the figures. (CHECK)
Answer / model
check
By tomorrow, all applications ___ . (ASSESS)
Answer / model
will have been assessed
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
Someone may have taken the wrong bag.
Answer / model
The wrong bag may have been taken.
A technician is checking our heating today.
Answer / model
We are having our heating checked today.
Powiedziano nam, żebyśmy nie opuszczali budynku.
Answer / model
We were told not to leave the building.
The documents should checked before Friday.
Answer / model
The documents should be checked before Friday.
People say the restaurant is excellent.
Answer / model
The restaurant is said to be excellent.
By tomorrow, all the votes ___ counted. (will)
Answer / model
will have been
I persuaded a mechanic to look at the engine. GOT
Answer / model
I got a mechanic to look at the engine.
Muszę naprawić ekran w telefonie. [causative]
Answer / model
I need to have/get my phone screen repaired.
The form must filled in today.
Answer / model
The form must be filled in today.
People believe the painting is genuine. BELIEVED
The painting ___ genuine.
Answer / model
is believed to be
The suspect is thought ___ the country. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
to have left
We ___ our windows replaced next week.
Answer / model
are having
Someone may have deleted the file.
The file ___ .
Answer / model
may have been deleted
Uważa się, że decyzję podjęto wcześniej.
Answer / model
The decision is believed to have been made earlier.
I got my brother fix the printer.
Answer / model
I got my brother to fix the printer.
She had her assistant ___ the figures. (CHECK)
Answer / model
check
By tomorrow, all applications ___ . (ASSESS)
Answer / model
will have been assessed
The documents ___ yesterday. (SEND)
Answer / model
were sent
My car ___ at the moment. (REPAIR)
Answer / model
is being repaired
Muszę naprawić ekran w telefonie.
Answer / model
I need to have/get my phone screen repaired.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
Experts believe the manuscript was written in the fifteenth century.
Answer / model
The manuscript is believed to have been written in the fifteenth century.
Do czasu ogłoszenia wyników wszystkie prace powinny zostać sprawdzone dwukrotnie.
Answer / model
By the time the results are announced, all the papers should have been checked twice.
Someone should have warned us. BEEN We ___ warned.
Answer / model
should have been
Arrange for a specialist to test your eyesight. HAVE
Answer / model
Have your eyesight tested by a specialist.
We are having installed new windows next week.
Answer / model
We are having new windows installed next week.
The suspect is thought ___ abroad before the investigation began. (move)
Answer / model
to have moved
Udało jej się namówić asystenta, żeby przygotował raport wcześniej.
Answer / model
She got the assistant to prepare the report early.
The building had ___ renovated for months before it reopened.
Answer / model
been being
We ___ our windows replaced next week.
Answer / model
are having
Someone may have deleted the file.
The file ___ .
Answer / model
may have been deleted
Uważa się, że decyzję podjęto wcześniej.
Answer / model
The decision is believed to have been made earlier.
I got my brother fix the printer.
Answer / model
I got my brother to fix the printer.
She had her assistant ___ the figures. (CHECK)
Answer / model
check
By tomorrow, all applications ___ . (ASSESS)
Answer / model
will have been assessed
The documents ___ yesterday. (SEND)
Answer / model
were sent
My car ___ at the moment. (REPAIR)
Answer / model
is being repaired
Muszę naprawić ekran w telefonie.
Answer / model
I need to have/get my phone screen repaired.
The form must filled in today.
Answer / model
The form must be filled in today.
People believe the painting is genuine. BELIEVED
The painting ___ genuine.
Answer / model
is believed to be
The suspect is thought ___ the country. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
to have left
Reported speech
Mowa zależna i czasowniki raportujące
Marta told me that she was tired.
relacjonowanie wypowiedzi.
reporting statements.
say + (that); tell + person + (that)Tell wymaga dopełnienia osobowego.
He asked me where I lived.
pytanie w mowie zależnej.
an indirect reported question.
ask + if/whether / question word + statement orderNie stosuj szyku pytającego.
She told us to wait outside.
polecenie w mowie zależnej.
a reported command.
tell/ask + person + to-infinitiveUżyj osoby przed to-infinitive.
The guard told us not to touch the painting.
zakaz w mowie zależnej.
a reported prohibition.
tell/warn + person + not to-infinitiveNot stoi przed to-infinitive.
He admitted breaking the window.
przyznać się do czynności.
to acknowledge doing something.
admit + -ing / having + past participleNie: admit to do.
She denied taking the money.
zaprzeczyć wykonaniu czynności.
to say that you did not do something.
deny + -ing / having + past participleNie: deny to do.
They suggested going by train.
zasugerować pomysł.
to propose an idea.
suggest + -ing / that + clauseNie: suggest somebody to do.
He warned me not to open the door.
ostrzec kogoś.
to alert someone to danger.
warn + person + (not) to-infinitive / that-clauseZwróć uwagę na dopełnienie osobowe.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
'I'm tired,' Ben said.
Answer / model
Ben said that he was tired.
'Where do you live?' she asked me.
Answer / model
She asked me where I lived.
'Don't touch that,' Dad said.
Answer / model
Dad told me not to touch that.
She suggested ___ a taxi. (take)
Answer / model
taking
He told that he was busy.
Answer / model
He said that he was busy. / He told me that he was busy.
Mia promised ___ me later. (call)
Answer / model
to call
'Please help me,' he said to Anna.
Answer / model
He asked Anna to help him.
Przyznał, że popełnił błąd.
Answer / model
He admitted making/having made a mistake.
“I am tired,” she said.
She said that ___ .
Answer / model
she was tired
“Where do you live?” he asked me.
He asked me ___ .
Answer / model
where I lived
Przyznał, że skłamał.
Answer / model
He admitted lying/having lied.
She suggested us to wait.
Answer / model
She suggested waiting / that we wait.
“I will help,” Tom said. PROMISED
Tom ___ .
Answer / model
promised to help
“I did not take it,” she said. DENIED
She ___ it.
Answer / model
denied taking/having taken
He accused me ___ lying.
Answer / model
of
Ostrzegła nas, żebyśmy nie wchodzili na lód.
Answer / model
She warned us not to go onto the ice.
The witness claimed ___ the man before. (NEVER/SEE)
Answer / model
never to have seen
She insisted ___ speaking to the manager.
Answer / model
on
He reminded me ___ the form. (SEND)
Answer / model
to send
“I am sorry I interrupted,” he said.
He ___ interrupting.
Answer / model
apologised for
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
'You should take a break,' the doctor said to me.
Answer / model
The doctor advised me to take a break.
'I didn't copy the answer,' Leo said.
Answer / model
Leo denied copying the answer.
Ostrzegła nas, żebyśmy nie wchodzili na lód.
Answer / model
She warned us not to go onto the ice.
She suggested us to wait outside.
Answer / model
She suggested that we wait outside. / She suggested waiting outside.
'Why had you left before noon?' he asked.
Answer / model
He asked why I had left before noon.
The teacher reminded us ___ our names. (write)
Answer / model
to write
'No, I won't change my mind,' she said.
Answer / model
She refused to change her mind.
Przeprosił za to, że przerwał spotkanie.
Answer / model
He apologised for interrupting the meeting.
She suggested us to wait.
Answer / model
She suggested waiting / that we wait.
“I will help,” Tom said. PROMISED
Tom ___ .
Answer / model
promised to help
“I did not take it,” she said. DENIED
She ___ it.
Answer / model
denied taking/having taken
He accused me ___ lying.
Answer / model
of
Ostrzegła nas, żebyśmy nie wchodzili na lód.
Answer / model
She warned us not to go onto the ice.
The witness claimed ___ the man before. (NEVER/SEE)
Answer / model
never to have seen
She insisted ___ speaking to the manager.
Answer / model
on
He reminded me ___ the form. (SEND)
Answer / model
to send
“I am sorry I interrupted,” he said.
He ___ interrupting.
Answer / model
apologised for
“I am tired,” she said.
She said that ___ .
Answer / model
she was tired
“Where do you live?” he asked me.
He asked me ___ .
Answer / model
where I lived
Przyznał, że skłamał.
Answer / model
He admitted lying/having lied.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
'You deliberately hid the evidence,' she said to him.
Answer / model
She accused him of deliberately hiding the evidence.
The witness claimed ___ the man before. (never see)
Answer / model
never to have seen
Przyznała, że wcześniej podała nieprawdziwe informacje.
Answer / model
She admitted having given false information earlier.
He insisted me to reconsider the offer.
Answer / model
He insisted that I reconsider the offer. / He insisted on my reconsidering the offer.
'The path may become dangerous after dark,' she told us.
Answer / model
She warned us that the path might become dangerous after dark.
'I'm sorry I didn't reply sooner,' he said.
Answer / model
He apologised for not replying sooner.
The minister denied ___ about the decision in advance. (know)
Answer / model
having known
Twierdził, że nigdy wcześniej nie otrzymał takiego ostrzeżenia.
Answer / model
He claimed never to have received such a warning before.
He accused me ___ lying.
Answer / model
of
Ostrzegła nas, żebyśmy nie wchodzili na lód.
Answer / model
She warned us not to go onto the ice.
The witness claimed ___ the man before. (NEVER/SEE)
Answer / model
never to have seen
She insisted ___ speaking to the manager.
Answer / model
on
He reminded me ___ the form. (SEND)
Answer / model
to send
“I am sorry I interrupted,” he said.
He ___ interrupting.
Answer / model
apologised for
“I am tired,” she said.
She said that ___ .
Answer / model
she was tired
“Where do you live?” he asked me.
He asked me ___ .
Answer / model
where I lived
Przyznał, że skłamał.
Answer / model
He admitted lying/having lied.
She suggested us to wait.
Answer / model
She suggested waiting / that we wait.
“I will help,” Tom said. PROMISED
Tom ___ .
Answer / model
promised to help
“I did not take it,” she said. DENIED
She ___ it.
Answer / model
denied taking/having taken
Relative clauses, participles & complex clauses
Zdania względne, imiesłowy i zdania złożone
The student who won the prize is in my class.
zdanie względne konieczne do identyfikacji osoby/rzeczy.
a relative clause essential to identify the noun.
noun + who/which/that + clauseBez przecinków.
Kraków, which I visited last year, was fascinating.
dodatkowa informacja o znanym rzeczowniku.
extra information about an identified noun.
noun, who/which + clause,Używamy przecinków; nie używamy that.
The girl standing by the window is my sister.
skrócona konstrukcja o znaczeniu czynnym.
a reduced clause with active meaning.
noun + -ing phrasePodmiot wykonuje czynność.
The documents sent yesterday have arrived.
skrócona konstrukcja o znaczeniu biernym.
a reduced clause with passive meaning.
noun + past participle phraseRzeczownik jest odbiorcą czynności.
Having finished the test, she checked her answers.
czynność zakończona przed czynnością główną.
an action completed before the main action.
having + past participlePodmiot obu czynności powinien być ten sam.
Although it was late, we kept working.
kontrast między dwoma pełnymi zdaniami.
contrast between two clauses.
although + subject + verbPo although używamy zdania, nie samego rzeczownika.
Despite the rain, the match continued.
kontrast przed rzeczownikiem lub -ing.
contrast before a noun or gerund.
despite + noun / -ingNie: despite of.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
The woman ___ lives next door is a vet.
Answer / model
who
This is the café ___ we first met.
Answer / model
where
The boy ___ bike was stolen called the police.
Answer / model
whose
The people who are waiting outside may enter.
Answer / model
The people waiting outside may enter.
My laptop, that is quite old, still works well.
Answer / model
My laptop, which is quite old, still works well.
The photos ___ yesterday are already online. (take)
Answer / model
taken
The castle is 600 years old. It attracts many tourists.
Answer / model
The castle, which is 600 years old, attracts many tourists.
To jest nauczyciel, który przygotował nas do konkursu.
Answer / model
This is the teacher who prepared us for the competition.
The woman ___ lives next door is a vet.
Answer / model
who/that
This is the village ___ my mother was born.
Answer / model
where
Znam dziewczynę, której brat mieszka w Kanadzie.
Answer / model
I know a girl whose brother lives in Canada.
My laptop, that is quite old, still works.
Answer / model
My laptop, which is quite old, still works.
The students ___ outside should come in. (WAIT)
Answer / model
waiting
___ finished the report, she sent it.
Answer / model
Having
The bridge, ___ in 1890, is still in use. (BUILD)
Answer / model
built
Not knowing what ___, she remained silent. (SAY)
Answer / model
to say
The committee, ___ members opposed the plan, postponed the vote.
Answer / model
several of whose
Dokumenty wysłane wczoraj powinny dotrzeć dziś.
Answer / model
The documents sent yesterday should arrive today.
___ been warned about the storm, they cancelled the climb.
Answer / model
Having
The person to ___ the letter was addressed has left.
Answer / model
whom
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
She finished the report and then sent it. HAVING
Answer / model
Having finished the report, she sent it.
The bridge, ___ in 1890, is still in use. (build)
Answer / model
built
Mimo że został ostrzeżony, wszedł do wody.
Answer / model
Although he had been warned, he went into the water.
Students who wish to participate must register today.
Answer / model
Students wishing to participate must register today.
The woman which won the prize teaches here.
Answer / model
The woman who won the prize teaches here.
The reason ___ he resigned remains unclear.
Answer / model
why
Because she didn't know the city, she used a map.
Answer / model
Not knowing the city, she used a map.
Dokumenty wysłane wczoraj powinny dotrzeć jutro.
Answer / model
The documents sent yesterday should arrive tomorrow.
My laptop, that is quite old, still works.
Answer / model
My laptop, which is quite old, still works.
The students ___ outside should come in. (WAIT)
Answer / model
waiting
___ finished the report, she sent it.
Answer / model
Having
The bridge, ___ in 1890, is still in use. (BUILD)
Answer / model
built
Not knowing what ___, she remained silent. (SAY)
Answer / model
to say
The committee, ___ members opposed the plan, postponed the vote.
Answer / model
several of whose
Dokumenty wysłane wczoraj powinny dotrzeć dziś.
Answer / model
The documents sent yesterday should arrive today.
___ been warned about the storm, they cancelled the climb.
Answer / model
Having
The person to ___ the letter was addressed has left.
Answer / model
whom
The woman ___ lives next door is a vet.
Answer / model
who/that
This is the village ___ my mother was born.
Answer / model
where
Znam dziewczynę, której brat mieszka w Kanadzie.
Answer / model
I know a girl whose brother lives in Canada.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
Because he had misunderstood the instruction, he answered the wrong question.
Answer / model
Having misunderstood the instruction, he answered the wrong question.
The person to ___ the complaint was addressed has left the company.
Answer / model
whom
Osoby wybrane do finału zostaną poinformowane do piątku.
Answer / model
Those selected for the final will be informed by Friday.
Walking through the gallery, the paintings seemed enormous.
Answer / model
Walking through the gallery, I thought the paintings seemed enormous.
___ been told that the road was closed, we chose another route.
Answer / model
Having
The proposal, which was rejected last year, has been submitted again.
Answer / model
The proposal, rejected last year, has been submitted again.
Chociaż zdawała sobie sprawę z ryzyka, postanowiła kontynuować.
Answer / model
Although she was aware of the risk, she decided to continue.
Having been arrived late, he missed the introduction.
Answer / model
Having arrived late, he missed the introduction.
The bridge, ___ in 1890, is still in use. (BUILD)
Answer / model
built
Not knowing what ___, she remained silent. (SAY)
Answer / model
to say
The committee, ___ members opposed the plan, postponed the vote.
Answer / model
several of whose
Dokumenty wysłane wczoraj powinny dotrzeć dziś.
Answer / model
The documents sent yesterday should arrive today.
___ been warned about the storm, they cancelled the climb.
Answer / model
Having
The person to ___ the letter was addressed has left.
Answer / model
whom
The woman ___ lives next door is a vet.
Answer / model
who/that
This is the village ___ my mother was born.
Answer / model
where
Znam dziewczynę, której brat mieszka w Kanadzie.
Answer / model
I know a girl whose brother lives in Canada.
My laptop, that is quite old, still works.
Answer / model
My laptop, which is quite old, still works.
The students ___ outside should come in. (WAIT)
Answer / model
waiting
___ finished the report, she sent it.
Answer / model
Having
Gerunds, infinitives & verb patterns
Gerund, infinitive i wzorce czasownikowe
I remember meeting her before.
pamiętać wydarzenie z przeszłości.
to remember a past event.
remember + -ingDotyczy wspomnienia, nie obowiązku.
Remember to lock the door.
pamiętać, żeby coś zrobić.
not to forget a required action.
remember + to-infinitiveCzynność następuje po pamiętaniu.
He stopped smoking last year.
przestać wykonywać czynność.
to cease an activity.
stop + -ingCzynność zostaje zakończona.
We stopped to buy some water.
zatrzymać inną czynność, aby coś zrobić.
to pause one activity in order to do another.
stop + to-infinitiveZnaczenie różni się od stop + -ing.
Try restarting the computer.
wypróbować metodę.
to experiment with a possible solution.
try + -ingTo sugestia metody.
I tried to open the window, but it was stuck.
podjąć próbę, często trudną.
to make an effort to do something.
try + to-infinitivePodkreśla wysiłek.
I regret saying that.
żałować wcześniejszej czynności.
to feel sorry about a past action.
regret + -ingDotyczy tego, co już się wydarzyło.
We regret to inform you that your application was unsuccessful.
formalnie przekazać złą wiadomość.
formal language for giving bad news.
regret + to inform/tell/sayNajczęściej w formalnych komunikatach.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
I enjoy ___ in the evening. (read)
Answer / model
reading
We decided ___ early. (leave)
Answer / model
to leave
Remember ___ the lights before you go. (turn off)
Answer / model
to turn off
He stopped ___ two years ago. (smoke)
Answer / model
smoking
She suggested to meet at six.
Answer / model
She suggested meeting at six.
I can't afford ___ a new laptop. (buy)
Answer / model
to buy
We stopped ___ some water on the way. (buy)
Answer / model
to buy
Nie mogę się doczekać spotkania z nimi.
Answer / model
I look forward to meeting them.
I enjoy ___ before bed. (READ)
Answer / model
reading
We decided ___ early. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
to leave
Nie mogę się doczekać spotkania z nimi.
Answer / model
I look forward to meeting them.
She suggested to meet at six.
Answer / model
She suggested meeting at six.
Remember ___ the door. (LOCK)
Answer / model
to lock
I remember ___ the door, so it must be locked. (LOCK)
Answer / model
locking
Try ___ the device; that may solve it. (RESTART)
Answer / model
restarting
I tried ___ the box, but it was too heavy. (LIFT)
Answer / model
to lift
He appears ___ the warning. (IGNORE)
Answer / model
to have ignored
She denied ___ the file. (OPEN)
Answer / model
opening/having opened
There is no point ___ about it now. (ARGUE)
Answer / model
in arguing
The machine needs ___. (SERVICE)
Answer / model
servicing / to be serviced
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
I remember ___ the door, so it must be locked. (lock)
Answer / model
locking
If the screen freezes, try ___ the app. (restart)
Answer / model
restarting
I tried ___ the box, but it was too heavy. (lift)
Answer / model
to lift
Żałuję, że powiedziałem to w taki sposób.
Answer / model
I regret saying it in that way.
I look forward to hear your opinion.
Answer / model
I look forward to hearing your opinion.
After discussing the old system, she went on ___ the new one. (describe)
Answer / model
to describe
'Let's leave now,' she said. SUGGESTED
Answer / model
She suggested leaving then/now.
I meant ___ you yesterday, but I forgot. (call)
Answer / model
to call
She suggested to meet at six.
Answer / model
She suggested meeting at six.
Remember ___ the door. (LOCK)
Answer / model
to lock
I remember ___ the door, so it must be locked. (LOCK)
Answer / model
locking
Try ___ the device; that may solve it. (RESTART)
Answer / model
restarting
I tried ___ the box, but it was too heavy. (LIFT)
Answer / model
to lift
He appears ___ the warning. (IGNORE)
Answer / model
to have ignored
She denied ___ the file. (OPEN)
Answer / model
opening/having opened
There is no point ___ about it now. (ARGUE)
Answer / model
in arguing
The machine needs ___. (SERVICE)
Answer / model
servicing / to be serviced
I enjoy ___ before bed. (READ)
Answer / model
reading
We decided ___ early. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
to leave
Nie mogę się doczekać spotkania z nimi.
Answer / model
I look forward to meeting them.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
Complete: I regret ___ you that your application has been unsuccessful. (inform)
Answer / model
to inform
Próbowałem go przekonać, a potem spróbowałem użyć innego argumentu.
Answer / model
I tried to persuade him, and then I tried using a different argument.
He appears ___ the instructions completely. (misunderstand, earlier action)
Answer / model
to have misunderstood
Arguing about it now is pointless. POINT There ___ about it now.
Answer / model
is no point in arguing
This position involves to work at weekends.
Answer / model
This position involves working at weekends.
She denied ___ the confidential file. (open)
Answer / model
having opened / opening
Nie stać mnie na to, żeby zrezygnować z tej pracy.
Answer / model
I can't afford to give up this job.
Explain with examples: go on doing / go on to do.
Answer / model
continue same activity / proceed to a new activity
Try ___ the device; that may solve it. (RESTART)
Answer / model
restarting
I tried ___ the box, but it was too heavy. (LIFT)
Answer / model
to lift
He appears ___ the warning. (IGNORE)
Answer / model
to have ignored
She denied ___ the file. (OPEN)
Answer / model
opening/having opened
There is no point ___ about it now. (ARGUE)
Answer / model
in arguing
The machine needs ___. (SERVICE)
Answer / model
servicing / to be serviced
I enjoy ___ before bed. (READ)
Answer / model
reading
We decided ___ early. (LEAVE)
Answer / model
to leave
Nie mogę się doczekać spotkania z nimi.
Answer / model
I look forward to meeting them.
She suggested to meet at six.
Answer / model
She suggested meeting at six.
Remember ___ the door. (LOCK)
Answer / model
to lock
I remember ___ the door, so it must be locked. (LOCK)
Answer / model
locking
Nouns, pronouns, adjectives & comparison
Rzeczowniki, zaimki, przymiotniki i stopniowanie
She made the cake herself.
zaimek zwrotny: myself, yourself itd..
a reflexive pronoun referring back to the subject.
subject + verb + myself/yourself/himself...Zaimek musi zgadzać się z podmiotem.
They looked at each other.
wzajemność: each other / one another.
reciprocal meaning between people.
each other / one anotherNie myl z zaimkiem zwrotnym.
a beautiful old Italian painting
naturalna kolejność przymiotników.
the conventional order of multiple adjectives.
opinion → size → age → shape → colour → origin → material → nounNie tłumacz kolejności dosłownie z polskiego.
This route is much shorter than the other one.
porównanie dwóch osób lub rzeczy.
comparison between two people or things.
-er / more + adjective + thanDobierz formę do długości przymiotnika.
The more you practise, the more confident you become.
zależność: im..., tym....
a proportional relationship.
the + comparative..., the + comparative...W obu częściach potrzebny jest stopień wyższy.
It was such an interesting lecture that nobody left early.
wzmocnienie prowadzące często do skutku.
intensification, often followed by a result.
so + adjective; such + (a/an) + adjective + nounSo przed przymiotnikiem; such przed grupą rzeczownikową.
The news is surprising.
rzeczownik gramatycznie pojedynczy.
a noun that takes singular agreement.
news/information/advice + singular verbNie dodawaj -s do information/advice.
Three quarters of the class passed.
zgoda czasownika zależna od rzeczownika po of.
verb agreement after fractions.
fraction + of + noun + verbCzasownik zgadza się z rzeczownikiem po of.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
The children made the decorations by ___.
Answer / model
themselves
This exercise is ___ than the previous one. (difficult)
Answer / model
more difficult
It was ___ cold day that we stayed inside.
Answer / model
such a
She bought a leather black bag.
Answer / model
She bought a black leather bag.
The news ___ good. (be)
Answer / model
is
The more you read, the ___ your vocabulary becomes. (rich)
Answer / model
richer
Neither of the answers ___ correct.
Answer / model
is
To najciekawsza książka, jaką kiedykolwiek czytałem.
Answer / model
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
The children made it by ___.
Answer / model
themselves
This task is ___ than the last one. (DIFFICULT)
Answer / model
more difficult
To była tak trudna decyzja, że potrzebowaliśmy czasu.
Answer / model
It was such a difficult decision that we needed time.
These informations are useful.
Answer / model
This information is useful.
The news ___ surprising. (BE)
Answer / model
is
The police ___ investigating the case. (BE)
Answer / model
are
The more you practise, the ___ you become. (CONFIDENT)
Answer / model
more confident
Neither of the answers ___ correct.
Answer / model
is
The number of applications ___ increased.
Answer / model
has
A number of students ___ absent.
Answer / model
are
Put in order: a / beautiful / old / Italian / leather / bag
Answer / model
a beautiful old Italian leather bag
The evidence was too weak. ENOUGH
The evidence ___ to justify a conviction.
Answer / model
wasn’t strong enough
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
Put in order: an / wooden / unusual / small / box
Answer / model
an unusual small wooden box
No other route is as fast as this one. FASTEST
Answer / model
This is the fastest route.
Dwie trzecie budynku zostało zniszczone.
Answer / model
Two thirds of the building was destroyed.
She gave me several useful informations.
Answer / model
She gave me several useful pieces of information.
The ___ you wait, the less likely you are to get a seat. (long)
Answer / model
longer
The exam was so difficult that many students ran out of time. SUCH
Answer / model
It was such a difficult exam that many students ran out of time.
The police ___ investigating the theft. (be)
Answer / model
are
Ani Marta, ani Ola nie znały odpowiedzi.
Answer / model
Neither Marta nor Ola knew the answer.
These informations are useful.
Answer / model
This information is useful.
The news ___ surprising. (BE)
Answer / model
is
The police ___ investigating the case. (BE)
Answer / model
are
The more you practise, the ___ you become. (CONFIDENT)
Answer / model
more confident
Neither of the answers ___ correct.
Answer / model
is
The number of applications ___ increased.
Answer / model
has
A number of students ___ absent.
Answer / model
are
Put in order: a / beautiful / old / Italian / leather / bag
Answer / model
a beautiful old Italian leather bag
The evidence was too weak. ENOUGH
The evidence ___ to justify a conviction.
Answer / model
wasn’t strong enough
The children made it by ___.
Answer / model
themselves
This task is ___ than the last one. (DIFFICULT)
Answer / model
more difficult
To była tak trudna decyzja, że potrzebowaliśmy czasu.
Answer / model
It was such a difficult decision that we needed time.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
A number of candidates ___ absent, but the number of absences ___ lower than expected.
Answer / model
were; was
Żadna z tych rad nie okazała się szczególnie pomocna.
Answer / model
None of this advice turned out to be particularly helpful.
The first argument is far more convincing than this one. NEARLY This argument is ___ the first.
Answer / model
not nearly as convincing as
Put in natural order: a / remarkable / eighteenth-century / French / silver / clock
Answer / model
a remarkable eighteenth-century French silver clock
Each of the proposals ___ been assessed separately.
Answer / model
has
Ponad jedna trzecia uczestników nie ukończyła zadania.
Answer / model
More than one third of the participants did not complete the task.
The news about the changes were unexpected.
Answer / model
The news about the changes was unexpected.
The more detailed the instructions, the ___ likely errors become.
Answer / model
less
The more you practise, the ___ you become. (CONFIDENT)
Answer / model
more confident
Neither of the answers ___ correct.
Answer / model
is
The number of applications ___ increased.
Answer / model
has
A number of students ___ absent.
Answer / model
are
Put in order: a / beautiful / old / Italian / leather / bag
Answer / model
a beautiful old Italian leather bag
The evidence was too weak. ENOUGH
The evidence ___ to justify a conviction.
Answer / model
wasn’t strong enough
The children made it by ___.
Answer / model
themselves
This task is ___ than the last one. (DIFFICULT)
Answer / model
more difficult
To była tak trudna decyzja, że potrzebowaliśmy czasu.
Answer / model
It was such a difficult decision that we needed time.
These informations are useful.
Answer / model
This information is useful.
The news ___ surprising. (BE)
Answer / model
is
The police ___ investigating the case. (BE)
Answer / model
are
Linking, questions & sentence relationships
Łączenie zdań, pytania i relacje składniowe
I won't go unless you come with me.
warunek negatywny: jeśli nie.
a negative condition meaning if...not.
unless + present, future resultNie dodawaj dodatkowego przeczenia.
Call me as soon as you arrive.
natychmiast po spełnieniu warunku czasowego.
immediately when something happens.
as soon as + present, future clauseW zdaniu czasowym nie używamy will.
In spite of being tired, she finished the race.
kontrast przed rzeczownikiem lub -ing.
contrast before a noun or gerund.
in spite of + noun / -ingWymagane jest „of”.
The task was difficult. However, everyone completed it.
łącznik kontrastujący dwa zdania.
a linking adverb showing contrast.
sentence. However, sentence.Nie łączy dwóch zdań samym przecinkiem.
Could you tell me where the station is?
uprzejme pytanie z szykiem oznajmującym.
a polite embedded question with statement word order.
intro + question word + subject + verbBez inwersji po question word.
You haven't seen Tom, have you?
krótkie pytanie potwierdzające.
a short confirmation question.
positive statement + negative tag; vice versaDopasuj operator i podmiot.
I love jazz. — So do I.
zgoda z wypowiedzią twierdzącą lub przeczącą.
agreement with a positive or negative statement.
So + auxiliary + subject; Neither + auxiliary + subjectOperator musi odpowiadać czasowi zdania.
Either call me tonight or send me a message.
wybór między dwiema możliwościami.
a choice between two alternatives.
either A or BZachowaj równoległą budowę A i B.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
I won't go ___ you come with me.
Answer / model
unless
Call me as soon as you ___. (arrive)
Answer / model
arrive
Where is the station? → Could you tell me ___?
Answer / model
where the station is
You know Marta, ___ you?
Answer / model
don't
I don't like horror films. — Neither ___ I.
Answer / model
do
Do you know where is the museum?
Answer / model
Do you know where the museum is?
___ it was raining, we went for a walk.
Answer / model
Although
Gdy tylko skończysz, zadzwoń do mnie.
Answer / model
As soon as you finish, call me.
I will call as soon as I ___. (ARRIVE)
Answer / model
arrive
___ it was raining, we continued.
Answer / model
Although
Mimo deszczu wyszliśmy.
Answer / model
Despite the rain, we went out.
Do you know where is the station?
Answer / model
Do you know where the station is?
We left early ___ we would not miss the train.
Answer / model
so that
Nobody called, ___ they?
Answer / model
did
Let us go, ___?
Answer / model
shall we
No sooner had we arrived ___ it started to snow.
Answer / model
than
Hardly had we sat down ___ the alarm rang.
Answer / model
when
Not only ___ she solve it, but she explained it too.
Answer / model
did
Dopóki nie sprawdzisz danych, nie wyciągaj wniosków.
Answer / model
Do not draw conclusions until you have checked the data.
Only after the inspection ___ the fault discovered.
Answer / model
was
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
If you don't hurry, you'll miss the bus. UNLESS
Answer / model
You'll miss the bus unless you hurry.
Why was the flight cancelled? → Do you know ___?
Answer / model
why the flight was cancelled
Nobody told you, ___ they?
Answer / model
did
Pomimo zmęczenia dokończyła pracę.
Answer / model
Despite/In spite of being tired, she finished the work.
I wonder where did she leave her bag.
Answer / model
I wonder where she left her bag.
Either the teacher or the students ___ responsible for closing the room.
Answer / model
are
Although the road was icy, they continued. SPITE
Answer / model
In spite of the icy road, they continued.
You can either call me ___ send a message.
Answer / model
or
Do you know where is the station?
Answer / model
Do you know where the station is?
We left early ___ we would not miss the train.
Answer / model
so that
Nobody called, ___ they?
Answer / model
did
Let us go, ___?
Answer / model
shall we
No sooner had we arrived ___ it started to snow.
Answer / model
than
Hardly had we sat down ___ the alarm rang.
Answer / model
when
Not only ___ she solve it, but she explained it too.
Answer / model
did
Dopóki nie sprawdzisz danych, nie wyciągaj wniosków.
Answer / model
Do not draw conclusions until you have checked the data.
Only after the inspection ___ the fault discovered.
Answer / model
was
I will call as soon as I ___. (ARRIVE)
Answer / model
arrive
___ it was raining, we continued.
Answer / model
Although
Mimo deszczu wyszliśmy.
Answer / model
Despite the rain, we went out.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
No sooner had the speech ended ___ the questions began.
Answer / model
than
Dopóki nie sprawdzisz wszystkich danych, nie wyciągaj wniosków.
Answer / model
Don't draw conclusions until you have checked all the data.
Why had the decision been changed? → Could you explain ___?
Answer / model
why the decision had been changed
Let's leave this until tomorrow, ___?
Answer / model
shall we
Hardly had we arrived than it started to snow.
Answer / model
Hardly had we arrived when it started to snow.
Ani dyrektor, ani nauczyciele nie zostali wcześniej poinformowani.
Answer / model
Neither the head teacher nor the teachers had been informed earlier.
However difficult the task ___, answer every question.
Answer / model
is
Immediately after you receive the code, activate the account. SOON
Answer / model
Activate the account as soon as you receive the code.
Let us go, ___?
Answer / model
shall we
No sooner had we arrived ___ it started to snow.
Answer / model
than
Hardly had we sat down ___ the alarm rang.
Answer / model
when
Not only ___ she solve it, but she explained it too.
Answer / model
did
Dopóki nie sprawdzisz danych, nie wyciągaj wniosków.
Answer / model
Do not draw conclusions until you have checked the data.
Only after the inspection ___ the fault discovered.
Answer / model
was
I will call as soon as I ___. (ARRIVE)
Answer / model
arrive
___ it was raining, we continued.
Answer / model
Although
Mimo deszczu wyszliśmy.
Answer / model
Despite the rain, we went out.
Do you know where is the station?
Answer / model
Do you know where the station is?
We left early ___ we would not miss the train.
Answer / model
so that
Nobody called, ___ they?
Answer / model
did
Konkurs Grammar Power
Transformacje, słowotwórstwo, emfaza i inwersja
It was Marta who found the mistake.
podkreślenie jednego elementu zdania.
emphasis on one element of a sentence.
It is/was + focus + who/that + clauseNie zmieniaj podstawowego znaczenia zdania.
I do understand your concern.
wzmocnienie czasownika w Present/Past Simple.
emphasis on a verb in Present/Past Simple.
do/does/did + bare infinitivePo do/does/did używaj bezokolicznika.
Never have I seen such a crowded station.
inwersja po wyrażeniu negatywnym na początku.
inversion after a fronted negative expression.
Never/Rarely/Seldom + auxiliary + subject + verbPo wyrażeniu negatywnym potrzebna jest inwersja.
Hardly had we sat down when the phone rang.
jedno wydarzenie następuje niemal natychmiast po drugim.
one event happens almost immediately after another.
Hardly had + subject + pp + when...Hardly łączy się z when, nie than.
Not until midnight did they finish.
podkreślenie, że coś nastąpiło dopiero w danym momencie.
emphasis that something happened only at a certain point.
Not until... + auxiliary + subject + verbInwersja występuje w zdaniu głównym.
Her explanation was completely convincing. (CONVINCE)
tworzenie poprawnej części mowy z podanego rdzenia.
forming the required word class from a given root.
root → prefix/suffix → correct word classSprawdź znaczenie, część mowy i pisownię.
The word 'light' can be a noun, adjective or verb.
jedno słowo może mieć różne znaczenia i funkcje.
one word can have several meanings and grammatical roles.
context determines meaning and word classNie tłumacz słowa bez kontekstu.
Neither the teacher nor the students knew the answer.
łączenie dwóch negatywnych możliwości.
linking two negative alternatives.
neither A nor BNie dodawaj kolejnego not.
Kliknij dowolną kartę, aby otworzyć wyjaśnienie po polsku i angielsku.
Grammar engine
Nie ucz się tylko nazwy konstrukcji. Zwróć uwagę na znaczenie, formę i kontrast. W konkursie ta sama struktura może pojawić się w transformacji, luce, tłumaczeniu albo rekonstrukcji zdania.
Controlled grammar
20 zadań • forma i znaczenie • wyraźne wsparcie
Never ___ I seen such a long queue.
Answer / model
have
Marta found the missing key. Emphasise MARTA.
Answer / model
It was Marta who found the missing key.
decide → noun
Answer / model
decision
care → adjective meaning 'not careful'
Answer / model
careless
Not only ___ she sing, but she also writes songs.
Answer / model
does
Never I have heard that story.
Answer / model
Never have I heard that story.
Neither Tom ___ Eva knew the answer.
Answer / model
nor
To właśnie ten błąd spowodował problem.
Answer / model
It was this mistake that caused the problem.
Never ___ I seen such a queue.
Answer / model
have
Not only ___ she win, but she broke the record.
Answer / model
did
To właśnie brak czasu spowodował problem.
Answer / model
It was the lack of time that caused the problem.
Never I have heard that story.
Answer / model
Never have I heard that story.
Only then ___ I understand the problem.
Answer / model
did
Under no circumstances ___ you reveal the password.
Answer / model
should
Little ___ they know that we had found the file.
Answer / model
did
Hardly ___ we arrived when the storm began.
Answer / model
had
Seldom ___ such enthusiasm been seen.
Answer / model
has
Only after reading the report ___ I notice the contradiction.
Answer / model
did
It was Marta ___ found the key.
Answer / model
who/that
Not until midnight ___ the storm stop.
Answer / model
did
Transform & produce
20 zadań • mniej wsparcia • transformacje • open gaps • PL→EN
I had rarely felt so relieved. RARELY
Answer / model
Rarely had I felt so relieved.
The final paragraph confused the readers. IT
Answer / model
It was the final paragraph that confused the readers.
The explanation was highly ___. CONVINCE
Answer / model
convincing
Not until midnight ___ the storm finally stop.
Answer / model
did
Dopiero wtedy zrozumiałem, co miał na myśli.
Answer / model
Only then did I understand what he meant.
Under no circumstances you should reveal the password.
Answer / model
Under no circumstances should you reveal the password.
As soon as we sat down, the alarm rang. HARDLY
Answer / model
Hardly had we sat down when the alarm rang.
His unexpected ___ delayed the meeting. ARRIVE
Answer / model
arrival
Never I have heard that story.
Answer / model
Never have I heard that story.
Only then ___ I understand the problem.
Answer / model
did
Under no circumstances ___ you reveal the password.
Answer / model
should
Little ___ they know that we had found the file.
Answer / model
did
Hardly ___ we arrived when the storm began.
Answer / model
had
Seldom ___ such enthusiasm been seen.
Answer / model
has
Only after reading the report ___ I notice the contradiction.
Answer / model
did
It was Marta ___ found the key.
Answer / model
who/that
Not until midnight ___ the storm stop.
Answer / model
did
Never ___ I seen such a queue.
Answer / model
have
Not only ___ she win, but she broke the record.
Answer / model
did
To właśnie brak czasu spowodował problem.
Answer / model
It was the lack of time that caused the problem.
Diagnose before answering
20 zadań • mieszane struktury • brak etykiety konstrukcji • precyzyjna produkcja
We understood the seriousness of the situation only after seeing the data.
Answer / model
Only after seeing the data did we understand the seriousness of the situation.
W żadnym wypadku uczestnicy nie mogą opuszczać sali bez pozwolenia.
Answer / model
Under no circumstances may participants leave the room without permission.
Seldom ___ such a carefully argued case been presented.
Answer / model
has
The committee questioned the ___ of the source. RELY
Answer / model
reliability
Only when she explained I did realise my mistake.
Answer / model
Only when she explained did I realise my mistake.
Little ___ they know that the result had already been decided.
Answer / model
did
The lack of evidence was the main problem. Emphasise THE LACK OF EVIDENCE.
Answer / model
It was the lack of evidence that was the main problem.
The measure was criticised as completely ___. EFFECT
Answer / model
ineffective
Little ___ they know that we had found the file.
Answer / model
did
Hardly ___ we arrived when the storm began.
Answer / model
had
Seldom ___ such enthusiasm been seen.
Answer / model
has
Only after reading the report ___ I notice the contradiction.
Answer / model
did
It was Marta ___ found the key.
Answer / model
who/that
Not until midnight ___ the storm stop.
Answer / model
did
Never ___ I seen such a queue.
Answer / model
have
Not only ___ she win, but she broke the record.
Answer / model
did
To właśnie brak czasu spowodował problem.
Answer / model
It was the lack of time that caused the problem.
Never I have heard that story.
Answer / model
Never have I heard that story.
Only then ___ I understand the problem.
Answer / model
did
Under no circumstances ___ you reveal the password.
Answer / model
should